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Many people tend to associate being ‘happy’ with having ‘fun’. In Biblical Hebrew, however, there is no word for the latter.* Obviously, fun cannot be the definition of Jewish happiness.
Simchah is often the Hebrew word used for the state of being happy. It’s a close approximation, buts it’s not the true definition of Jewish happiness. For example the Torah commands us to be sameach on the holiday of Sukkot. But firstly how can the Torah command one to feel an abstract emotion such as happiness? And secondly, why is Sukkot the only chag singled out for happiness?
Therefore sameach is generally translated as a term of satisfaction or appreciation. This is, after all, something that one can be commanded: to appreciate what we have and to be satisfied with what G-d has given us. As the famous dictum from ‘Ethics of our Fathers’ says “Who is truly rich? One who is sameach/satisfied with their lot.” The truly rich person in Jewish terms is the one who appreciates what he has, no matter how much or how little.
Thus to be commanded to be satisfied and appreciative on the festival of Sukkot makes sense. This is a holiday that comes post-harvest. For some it’s a time of self-indulgence or relaxation following physical labours. For others it’s a time of frustration after a disappointing crop. Hence the commandment of Sukkot is to be satisfied with one’s lot.
Not appreciating what we have and always desiring more, means that our minds and hearts are focused on something negative: on that which we don’t have. This desire is not only the result of unhappiness and the need to fill the emptiness unhappiness creates. It is also the original bridge to unhappiness. It is itself a cause for unhappiness. In this sense, it is a negative and harmful human trait.
Satisfaction and appreciation are still not the definition of Jewish happiness, but they definitely are the first steps that lead to it.
*Modern Hebrew has borrowed the Arabic word Kef to mean fun.